Project Based Learning

Project Based Learning is an instructional approach built upon authentic learning activities that engage student interest and motivation. These activities are designed to answer a question or solve a problem and generally reflect the types of learning and work people do in the everyday world outside the classroom.

Rewards

The use of rewards and reward systems are very common in schools. Teachers frequently use systems of rewards in order to promote appropriate behaviors and to increase academic output (Akin-Little & Little, 2009). Many questions remain about the effectiveness of rewards. Indeed, the important question is no longer whether rewards are effective or ineffective as it was a decade or so ago (Cameron & Pierce, 1994; Cameron, 2001; Deci, Ryan, and Koestner, 2001). Rather, assuming that teachers will use rewards, the question now is, how should rewards be used so that they are not harmful over time (Brophy, 2004; Lepper & Henderlong, 2000)? For whom and under what conditions are rewards effective? What are the long-term effects of rewards? What conditional aspects of rewards need to exist in order to increase intrinsic motivation? 

Teori Ekologi Bronfenbrenner

Urie Bronfenbrenner telah dilahirkan pada 29 April, 1917 di Moscow, Rusia.  Bapanya bernama Dr Alexander Bronfenbrenner dan ibunya ialah Eugenie Kamenetski Bronfenbrenner., Keluarganya berpindah ke Amerika Syarikat apabila Urie berumur enam tahun . Setelah menetap di Pittsburgh untuk suatu tempoh yang singkat, mereka berpindah ke Letchworth Village, iaitu sebuah institusi Orang Terencat Akal di New York, di mana bapanya bekerja sebagai seorang pakar patologi klinikal dan pengarah penyelidikan. Selepas tamat pengajian dari Sekolah Tinggi Haverstraw, Bronfenbrenner menyambung pengajian dalam dua pengkhususan iaitu piskologi dam muzik di Universiti Cornell pada tahun 1938.  Dia telah melakukan kerja-kerja penyelidikan berkaitan psikologi perkembangan serta dapat menghabiskan pengajian peringkat Sarjana di Universiti Harvard, diikuti oleh Ph.D. dari Universiti Michigan pada tahun 1942.